{"id":615,"date":"2020-07-06T15:36:52","date_gmt":"2020-07-06T22:36:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/?page_id=615"},"modified":"2020-07-13T13:42:32","modified_gmt":"2020-07-13T20:42:32","slug":"pteridium-aquilinum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/pteridium-aquilinum\/","title":{"rendered":"Pteridium aquilinum"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Family: Dennstaedtiaceae<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Common name: Bracken fern<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E-flora BC: <a href=\"https:\/\/linnet.geog.ubc.ca\/Atlas\/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Pteridium%20aquilinum\">https:\/\/linnet.geog.ubc.ca\/Atlas\/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Pteridium%20aquilinum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pteridium_aquilinum\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pteridium_aquilinum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bracken fern is distributed around the world, occurring almost everywhere except for in tropical and arctic regions. In our region, it tolerates a range of habitats and is often a bit weedy in nature. It tends to invade clearcuts and other open or disturbed sites. In moist sites, individual fronds (leaves) can grow to several meters tall, in dry sites, leaves might be around 40 cm tall. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The general impression of bracken fern is usually light-green, fluffy foliage &#8211; feathery leaflets borne on slender leaf-stalks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"533\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/Bjorn-S-bracken-stand.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-624\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/Bjorn-S-bracken-stand.jpg 799w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/Bjorn-S-bracken-stand-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/Bjorn-S-bracken-stand-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/Bjorn-S-bracken-stand-788x526.jpg 788w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/><figcaption>A dense stand of bracken fern. Photo credit: Bjorn S via Flickr<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-Jaz-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-617\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-Jaz-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-Jaz-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-Jaz-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-Jaz-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-Jaz-788x1051.jpg 788w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-Jaz.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption>Tall specimens of bracken fern in a moist, favourable site. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Individual compound leaves of bracken fern are triangular in shape. Note the broad base and narrowing toward the top: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-2-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"619\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-2.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/brackn-frond-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-619\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-2-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-2-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-2-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-2-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-2-788x1051.jpg 788w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-2.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-1-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"618\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-1.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/brackn-frond-1\/\" class=\"wp-image-618\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-1-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-1-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-1-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-1-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-1-788x1051.jpg 788w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/brackn-frond-1.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">These bracken specimens are growing in a less favourable site than those in the photograph with the person above. These ones are only about 60 cm in height, rather than 2 m tall.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-fern-frond-7395-copy-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-622\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-fern-frond-7395-copy-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-fern-frond-7395-copy-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-fern-frond-7395-copy-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-fern-frond-7395-copy-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-fern-frond-7395-copy-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-fern-frond-7395-copy-788x1182.jpg 788w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-fern-frond-7395-copy-scaled.jpg 1707w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><figcaption>The leaf stalk (stipe) is slender and hairless. The leaflet margins are rolled under. Photo credit: Douglas Fraser<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Bracken spreads mostly by branching and extending its underground stem (rhizome), from which it sends up new leaves. It can quickly cover a large area in this way. Sometimes, you will come across spore-bearing leaves within a stand of bracken. Unlike the other ferns discussed on this site (<a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/athyrium-filix-femina\/\"><em>Athyrium filix-femina<\/em><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/polypodium-glycyrrhiza\/\"><em>Polypodium glycyrrhiza<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/polystichum-munitum\/\"><em>Polystichum munitum<\/em><\/a>), the sori of bracken fern are continuous with the leaflet margin, rather than distributed as dots on the underside of the leaf:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-621\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-788x1051.jpeg 788w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing.jpeg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption>Notice the rusty-coloured sori lining the rolled under leaflet margin.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"605\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-close-up-605x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-620\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-close-up-605x1024.jpg 605w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-close-up-177x300.jpg 177w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-close-up-768x1301.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-close-up-907x1536.jpg 907w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-close-up-1209x2048.jpg 1209w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-close-up-788x1335.jpg 788w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/bracken-spore-bearing-close-up-scaled.jpg 1512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/><figcaption>Close-up of a spore-bearing leaflet &#8211; you can discern the individual sporangia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes, people can get bracken and <a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/athyrium-filix-femina\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">lady fern<\/a> mixed up. Both have light-green, delicate foliage. The quickest way to distinguish between them is to look at the leaf shape, as shown in the diagram below. If it&#8217;s triangular, then it is bracken fern. If it is diamond shaped, then it is lady fern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"861\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/diagram-bracken-lady-1024x861.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/diagram-bracken-lady-1024x861.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/diagram-bracken-lady-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/diagram-bracken-lady-768x646.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/diagram-bracken-lady-788x662.jpg 788w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/07\/diagram-bracken-lady.jpg 1374w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Simplified shape of  bracken fern leaf on the left, and lady fern leaf on the right.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Bracken-fern-4-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"236\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Bracken-fern-4.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/bracken-fern-4\/\" class=\"wp-image-236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Bracken-fern-4-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Bracken-fern-4-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Bracken-fern-4-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Bracken-fern-4-788x1051.jpg 788w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Bracken-fern-4.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Lady-fern_frond_1-e1594074842646.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"227\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Lady-fern_frond_1-e1594074842646.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/lady-fern_frond_1\/\" class=\"wp-image-227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Lady-fern_frond_1-e1594074842646.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/files\/2020\/06\/Lady-fern_frond_1-e1594074842646-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">Bracken fern leaf on left, lady fern leaf on right. An additional characteristic is to look at the leaf stalk; bracken fern has a smooth leaf stalk, lady fern has a flaky leaf stalk. Photo credit: Hitomi Kimura<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Another way to distinguish bracken and lady fern is how the whole plants grow. With bracken fern, leaves emerge singly from the ground, often forming a large stand. With lady fern, leaves are clustered together as they emerge from a central point. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Family: Dennstaedtiaceae Common name: Bracken fern E-flora BC: https:\/\/linnet.geog.ubc.ca\/Atlas\/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Pteridium%20aquilinum Wikipedia: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pteridium_aquilinum Bracken fern is distributed around the world, occurring almost everywhere except for in tropical and arctic regions. In our [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2649,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-615","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/615","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2649"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=615"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/615\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":828,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/615\/revisions\/828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol223\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=615"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}