{"id":2205,"date":"2019-11-07T17:00:57","date_gmt":"2019-11-07T17:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/?p=2205"},"modified":"2019-12-03T04:14:54","modified_gmt":"2019-12-03T04:14:54","slug":"golden-crowned-kinglet-a-fiery-fellow","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/2019\/11\/07\/golden-crowned-kinglet-a-fiery-fellow\/","title":{"rendered":"Golden-Crowned Kinglet: A Fiery Fellow"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><em>By Daniel Shworan<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/67476631-720px.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2818\" width=\"555\" height=\"416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/67476631-720px.jpg 720w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/67476631-720px-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\" \/><figcaption>Male GCKI. Photo by: Jacob McGinnis <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most easily recognizable by its flaming yellow \u201ccrown\u201d on the top of its head, the Golden-crowned Kinglet (<em>Regulus satrapa)<\/em> is a foliage-gleaner that spans most of Northern America <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/overview\">(All About Birds, <em>n.d<\/em>.)<\/a>. Barely larger than a hummingbird (Length: 4 inches), this territorial little fellow isn\u2019t afraid to keep competitors away. When excited, this bird commonly fluffs up his golden yellow crest, serving multiple purposes that contribute to its fitness <a href=\"https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/golden-crowned-kinglet\">(Audubon, <em>n.d.<\/em>)<\/a>. Read along to learn all about many of the quirks that make this bird unique and some research that involves this &#8220;lit&#8221; bird.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Identification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What it looks like: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The Golden-crowned Kinglet is slightly larger than a hummingbird and has a rounder body with shorter wings. Its bill size is small and stout, and its tail is thin. It has a dull grayish olive plumage color on its back, a paler white color on its belly, and very recognizable color formation on its head. Surrounding its eyes is a white supercilium, black lores and black eye line. What makes this bird so unique is its bright yellow crown bordered by a solid black line around the edge. The wings of this bird are greyish in color on both sides, with a lighter grey on the underside of the wing. When relaxed, a dark grey to black line is clearly visible at the base of the primaries and secondaries, with a contrasting white wing bar on the secondaries. Just like the Ruby-crowned Kinglet, this bird has pencil thin legs (tarsus), and if you look closely you&#8217;ll notice that the feet are yellowish in color.  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/golden-crowned-kinglet\">(Audubon, n.d.<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped aligncenter wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"614\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/30000381-1024x614.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"2823\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/?attachment_id=2823\" class=\"wp-image-2823\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/30000381-1024x614.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/30000381-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/30000381-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/30000381.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"> Male GCKI. Photo by: Ian Davies<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"393\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/d96726d0acdfb402609f8dc68bc16904-two-birds-kinds-of-birds.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"2825\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/?attachment_id=2825\" class=\"wp-image-2825\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/d96726d0acdfb402609f8dc68bc16904-two-birds-kinds-of-birds.jpg 500w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/d96726d0acdfb402609f8dc68bc16904-two-birds-kinds-of-birds-300x236.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Two Female GCKI. Photo by:  The Gall Lab<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The plumage color of both the male and female Golden-crowned Kinglet are very similar with subtle differences that help sex the bird. The male has an orange tinge in the center of its crown that is typically only visible when the bird puts it on display for a mate or when it\u2019s agitated. The female lacks that orange tinge on its crown, and it also has pointier juvenile tail feathers than the male <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/id\">(All About Birds, <em>n.d<\/em>.)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\" class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Juvenile Plumage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/67476671-1280px-1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2854\" width=\"474\" height=\"354\" \/><figcaption> Juvenile GCKI. Photo by: Gates Dupont <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The Juvenile plumage of this bird is grayer looking than when it\u2019s grown in its adult feathers, and the yellow crown on top of its head doesn\u2019t fully come in until after its hatch year. This drab olive colored crown looks an awful lot like the adult Ruby-crowned Kinglet, so try not to get them mixed up! (Hint: The Ruby-crowned Kinglet has a much plainer looking face apart from its white eye ring) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/id\">(All About Birds, <em>n.d<\/em>.)<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdvancouver.com\/b_golden-crowned_kinglet.html\">(Vancouver Avian Research Center, <em>n.d<\/em>.).<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What it sounds like:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The song of the Golden-crowned Kinglet is a series of very high pitch &#8220;<em>Tsee&#8221; <\/em>sounds followed by a lower pitched tumble that resembles a chickadee <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/overview\">(All About Birds, n.d.)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/learn.viu.ca\/content\/enforced\/141567-BIOL_BIOL325_N01_F2019\/Labs\/Bird%20Songs\/gcki.wav?d2lSessionVal=sHxF7GcKkrMBsZDGcIkUHHUK7&amp;ou=141567\"><\/audio><figcaption>Listen to that high pitch song, it sounds like it&#8217;s trying to hold in a laugh but eventually  it just cant contain itself!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nesting &amp; Geographical map<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Habitat<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/identify.whatbird.com\/img\/4\/56224\/image.aspx\" alt=\"\" width=\"288\" height=\"426\" \/><figcaption>Range Map. Photo:  https:\/\/identify.whatbird.com\/img\/4\/56224\/image.aspx <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These birds prefer to live in mature coniferous forests during the mating season, especially spruce, fir, and hemlock, but any other time of the year any decently thick woodland will do <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.vassar.edu\/sensoryecology\/birds-with-friends-the-golden-crowned-kinglet\/\">(The Gall Lab, 2017)<\/a>. Looking at the geographical range map, populations of the Golden-crowned Kinglet near the eastern and western coasts of North America choose to nest in the same region year-round, while populations that nest more Central in America migrate south during the winter. The Golden-crowned Kinglet is well known for surviving cold northern winters, even with its particularly small body size. To survive these cold climates, they nest high up in very dense branches of mature coniferous trees. This branchy habitat choice also makes it difficult to spot these bite-sized birds <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/overview\">(All About Birds, n.d.)<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Behavior<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Golden-crowned Kinglet is a monogamous bird, splitting the daily duties between the opposite-sex mate. The male is the aggressive territorial one, repeatedly making its call and perking up its crown to deter enemies away from the nest, such as predators and other competing males during the nesting season. The male is also in charge of retrieving food for the mother and their young. The female&#8217;s role is to incubate the eggs and to look after the young, so it doesn&#8217;t spend too much of its energy away from the nest during the mating\/hatching season <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/overview\">(All About Birds, n.d.)<\/a>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/golden-crowned-kinglet\">(Audubon, <em>n.d.<\/em>)<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conservation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The conservation status of the Golden-crowned Kinglet is considered to be &#8220;least concern&#8221; as their population size is still strong with a global population of approximately 100 million <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/overview\">(All About Birds, n.d.)<\/a>. Although the global population is stable, the population in North America is shifting towards the east coast with the populations decreasing in the west. Because of the kinglets varied winter habitat, they have been able expand southward into spruce plantings in Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.  On a local scale, the most prominent disturbances to the Golden-crowned Kinglets are logging and forest fires <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/overview\">(All About Birds, n.d.)<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Papers and Articles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:21px\" class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cWindow collisions by migratory bird species: urban geographical patterns and habitat associations\u201d<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>Published in 2015 by Marine Cusa et al., in the Journal \u201cUrban Ecosystems\u201d<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Building collisions are known to be one of the leading causes of bird mortalities around the world, and with urban areas only becoming taller and denser with the rapidly increasing human population, bird mortalities are only going to become more frequent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a study by Marine Cusa <em>et al. <\/em>in 2015, species-specific strike patterns are monitored to try to find the cause of all the collision deaths so that the effects can be minimized. The Fatal Light Awareness Program Canada (FLAP) collected bird-window collision data in three distinct regions of Toronto, Canada during the migratory season of the years 2009 and 2010. The FLAP volunteers collected and recorded a total of 3034 bird collisions in 2009 and 4934 bird collisions in 2010, and they found that the species with the greatest number of collisions was unanimously the Golden-crowned Kinglet (n\u2009=\u2009808). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/GCKI-outlines-1-1024x663.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2820\" width=\"450\" height=\"290\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/GCKI-outlines-1-1024x663.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/GCKI-outlines-1-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/GCKI-outlines-1-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/GCKI-outlines-1.png 1106w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption> Photo: \u201cDeadfall\u201d &#8211; Mark Thiessen, National Geographic Photographer <br><br>&#8211; Captured Golden-crowned Kinglets shown in red box <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cusa<em> et al.<\/em> found that increasing glass surface area percentage is correlated to higher bird mortality due to collision. They also found that the Golden-crowned Kinglet tended to collide more regularly in less urbanized sites suggesting that those species are simply more sensitive to urban development than other bird species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:21px\" class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>\u201cCarotenoid\u2010based plumage coloration in golden\u2010crowned kinglets Regulus satrapa: pigment characterization and relationships with migratory timing and condition\u201d  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Published in 2011 by C. K. S. Chui <em>et al<\/em>, in the Journal of Avian Biology<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because migrating and developing colorful plumage are both energy costly events during a bird\u2019s annual cycle, it wouldn\u2019t be surprising to see less devotion to fully produce the most vibrantly colourful contour feathers on the market, in order to focus more of that energy on storing fat before migrating. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this study, 186 Golden\u2010crowned Kinglets were banded at a common stopover site during their fall migrational period to measure the colouration of their plumage and several other measurable factors that would indicate their physical condition, which were then compared with respect to their individual arrival dates past the banding site. To measure the colouration of the feathers, they used reflectance spectrometry to quantify crown colouration, and they analysed feather carotenoids using high-performance liquid chromatography.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/41467_2017_2649_Fig1_HTML-1-1024x712.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2833\" width=\"460\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/41467_2017_2649_Fig1_HTML-1-1024x712.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/41467_2017_2649_Fig1_HTML-1-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/41467_2017_2649_Fig1_HTML-1-768x534.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/41467_2017_2649_Fig1_HTML-1.jpg 1499w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><figcaption>Example of Carotenoid conversion process. Photo: Weaver <em>et al.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C. K. S. Chui <em>et al.<\/em> proposed that the Central American Golden-crowned Kinglets that migrated south earlier in the fall are more fit for several reasons; one reason that more fit individuals leave their northern mating grounds sooner is because they are more efficient in storing energy, so that they don\u2019t have to stay in the mating grounds for as long. Another reason was that the earlier fall-migrating Golden-crowned Kinglets are more likely to avoid migratory predatory birds, such as Northern Shrikes (<em>Lanius excubitor<\/em>) and northern saw\u2010whet owls (<em>Aegolius acadicus<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Looking at their collection of data, they found that earlier male migrants grew their tail feathers faster, and that the earlier male and female migrating birds also had higher carotenoid-based pigmentation in their crown feathers, and therefor must be in better nutritional condition. They theorised that if crown coloration plays a role in competition and mate choice, then more colourful males may be able to secure better breeding territories or attract high\u2010quality females earlier in the season, which could advance their breeding and thus enable earlier fall migration, ultimately leading to their increased fitness among the population. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"639\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/golden_crowned-kinglet-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2835\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/golden_crowned-kinglet-2.jpg 639w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2019\/11\/golden_crowned-kinglet-2-300x184.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\" \/><figcaption>Male GCKI. Photo by: The Gall Lab<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Thanks for reading!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All About Birds.  https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/overview <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Audubon.  https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/golden-crowned-kinglet <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Celia K. S. Chui, McGraw, K. J., &amp; Doucet, S. M. (2011). Carotenoid-based plumage coloration in Golden-crowned Kinglets &#8220;regulus satrapa&#8221;: Pigment characterization and relationships with migratory timing and condition. Journal of Avian Biology, 42(4), 309-322. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology.  https:\/\/birdsna.org\/Species-Account\/bna\/species\/gockin\/introduction <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cusa, M., Jackson, D. A., &amp; Mesure, M. (2015). Window collisions by migratory bird species: Urban geographical patterns and habitat associations. Urban Ecosystems, 18(4), 1427-1446. doi:10.1007\/s11252-015-0459-3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Gall Lab. (2017). https:\/\/pages.vassar.edu\/sensoryecology\/birds-with-friends-the-golden-crowned-kinglet\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vancouver Avian Research Center.  http:\/\/www.birdvancouver.com\/b_golden-crowned_kinglet.html   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wikipedia.  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golden-crowned_kinglet <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Photos (by order of appearance):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jacob MckGinnis.  https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/media-browser\/67476631 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ian Davies.  https:\/\/birdsna.org\/Species-Account\/bna\/species\/gockin\/introduction <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Gall Lab.  https:\/\/pages.vassar.edu\/sensoryecology\/birds-with-friends-the-golden-crowned-kinglet\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gates Dupont. https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Golden-crowned_Kinglet\/id<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Range Map.  https:\/\/identify.whatbird.com\/img\/4\/56224\/image.aspx  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <em>Deadfall<\/em>. Mark Thiessen. National Geographic. Retrieved from D2L slides<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Weaver, R.J., Santos, E.S.A., Tucker, A.M.&nbsp;<em>et al.<\/em>&nbsp;Carotenoid metabolism strengthens the link between feather coloration and individual quality.&nbsp;<em>Nat Commun<\/em> 9,<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>73 (2018) doi:10.1038\/s41467-017-02649-z <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Gall Lab.  https:\/\/oyiabrown.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/01\/golden_crowned-kinglet-2.jpg <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Daniel Shworan Introduction Most easily recognizable by its flaming yellow \u201ccrown\u201d on the top of its head, the Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa) is a foliage-gleaner that spans most of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1064,"featured_media":2823,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[60,58,59,61],"class_list":["post-2205","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-crowned","tag-gcki","tag-golden","tag-kinglet"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1064"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2205"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3275,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2205\/revisions\/3275"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2823"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2205"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2205"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}