{"id":4381,"date":"2020-11-27T05:53:28","date_gmt":"2020-11-27T05:53:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/?p=4381"},"modified":"2020-11-27T20:14:02","modified_gmt":"2020-11-27T20:14:02","slug":"from-contrasting-colours-to-contrasting-homes-the-barn-swallow","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/2020\/11\/27\/from-contrasting-colours-to-contrasting-homes-the-barn-swallow\/","title":{"rendered":"From Contrasting Colours to Contrasting Landscapes: The Barn Swallow"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It&#8217;s a beautiful sunlit morning at Panama Flats Park and I&#8217;m out on my very first bird walk. As I&#8217;m making my way along the path, I look up over the marsh and see a dozen birds swooping in wide arches in a beautiful display of precision and technique. I look to my friend who&#8217;s knowledge of birds far exceeds mine, with a smile on her face she says the name of my first species, Barn Swallow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-huge-font-size wp-block-heading\">Introduction to the Barn Swallow<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\">Description<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Barn Swallow (<em>Hirundo rustica)<\/em>&nbsp;is one of eight members of the Order Passeriformes and Family Hirundinidae (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/id\">All About Birds<\/a>). This swallow has a slender body, broad shoulders, long pointed wings, and a forked tail with a white band. The approximate measurements of this lovely bird, are 17cm for length, 38cm for wingspan, and weighs around 19g (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sibleyguides.com\/about\/the-sibley-guide-to-birds\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sibley<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within this species are six subspecies that vary geographically. In North America, the American subspecies is the only one that breeds, therefore, it is the one I will focus on in this blog (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/id\">All About Birds<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Barn swallows have dark blue backs, wings, and tails, and a rusty orange chest, throat, and forehead. Their belly will range from cinnamon, orange, tawny, to an almost white colour. Females are almost identical to males; however, they display paler\/white underparts and the tail isn&#8217;t quite as long. Juveniles exhibit deep blue backs and rusty\/orange faces and necks, like the adults; however, they have lighter underparts similar to the female and their tails are also shorter (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/id\">All About Birds<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the Barn Swallow resembles the other swallows, it is its forked tail that will set it apart and make this species so unique. This bird has a maximum reported life expectancy of 8 years with 4 years being the average (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sararegistry.gc.ca\/virtual_sara\/files\/cosewic\/sr_barn_swallow_0911_eng.pdf\">COSEWIC<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/127223890_214200373398113_5119859783817628995_n-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/127223890_214200373398113_5119859783817628995_n-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/127223890_214200373398113_5119859783817628995_n-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/127223890_214200373398113_5119859783817628995_n-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/127223890_214200373398113_5119859783817628995_n-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/127223890_214200373398113_5119859783817628995_n-2048x1151.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 1: First two photos of male Barn Swallows distinguished by their long outer tail feathers and rusty orange underparts. Last photo of juvenile Barn Swallows (Left and Right photos by Eden Rowe, Middle photo by <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/search.macaulaylibrary.org\/catalog?taxonCode=barswa&amp;mediaType=p&amp;sort=rating_rank_desc&amp;q=Barn%20Swallow\" target=\"_blank\">Ryan Sanderson<\/a>, )<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\">Vocalization<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The song lilts (rises and falls) with a squeaky husky quality similar to call notes, which are often interrupted by dry, creaking rattles. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sibleyguides.com\/about\/the-sibley-guide-to-birds\/\">Sibley<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio aligncenter\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/XC476498-Barn-Swallow-Hirundo-rustica-erythrogaster.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption><em>Sound 1: Barn Swallow song (sound recorded by <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/476498\" target=\"_blank\">David Darrell Lambert<\/a>).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The call is a husky short <em>vit <\/em>or <em>vit-vit<\/em>, and when alarmed it will call a sharper and stronger <em>vit-VEET<\/em> or <em>si-VLIT<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sibleyguides.com\/about\/the-sibley-guide-to-birds\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sibley<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio aligncenter\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/XC159256-Barn-Swallow-Hirundo-rustica.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption><em>Sound 2: Barn Swallow calls (sound recorded by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/159256\"><br>Ian Cruickshank<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Barn Swallows\" width=\"1180\" height=\"664\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YnS-6YAPqT8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption><em>Figure 2: Barn swallows at Swan Lake Nature Sanctuary. Take note of their quick wingbeats and loud calls (Video By Eden Rowe)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\">Distribution and Habitat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Barn Swallows are the most widespread of all the swallows, as they are found across the globe. They range as far north as Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago, to Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and as far south as the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ebird.org\/species\/barswa\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ebird.org\/species\/barswa\" target=\"_blank\">eBird<\/a> and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sararegistry.gc.ca\/virtual_sara\/files\/cosewic\/sr_barn_swallow_0911_eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">COSEWIC<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Barn swallows are found in Canada in the summer during their breeding season and head down to Central and South America for their non-breeding season during the winter (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/maps-range\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/maps-range\">All About Birds<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/BARS-Distribution.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4386\" width=\"464\" height=\"565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/BARS-Distribution.png 666w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/BARS-Distribution-246x300.png 246w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 464px) 100vw, 464px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Figure 3: North American Barn Swallow Distribution (Photo from <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/maps-range\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/maps-range\" target=\"_blank\">All About Birds<\/a>) <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"> Along with its widespread distribution, its habitat is also diverse. Before European colonization, barn swallows would find a home in caves, holes, crevices, ledges, and in cliff faces; however, since colonization, they are predominantly found in man-made structures such as barns, eaves, under bridges and docks, or other similar locations. They can be spotted flying in open or semi-open land, fields, farms, marshes, lakes, coastal waters, and suburban parks. Places it will avoid are the dry country and unbroken forest (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/barn-swallow\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cultural significance<\/strong>: <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The swallow tattoos (based off of the Barn Swallow) are a common design due to its origin from sailors who would get a swallow tattoo on their chest for every 5000 nautical miles, and once they got 10,000 nautical miles, they would get another on the other side. Those that had one swallow or even better, two swallow tattoos would be considered very experienced sailors and receive a greater amount of respect. Swallows also have significance for sailors in folklore, the belief being that if the sailor were to drown, their soul would be carried away by the bird (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ornithology.com\/swallows-and-tattoos\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ornithology<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Sailor-Jerry-Swallow-Tattoo.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4390\" width=\"580\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Sailor-Jerry-Swallow-Tattoo.png 682w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Sailor-Jerry-Swallow-Tattoo-300x241.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 4: Tradition Swallow Tattoo for Sailors (Photo from <a href=\"https:\/\/sailorjerry.com\/en\/tattoos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sailor Jerry<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\">Flying High<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Swallows in super slow motion.\" width=\"1180\" height=\"664\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/03ievsrsOaM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption><em>Figure 5: Slow Motion Video of Barn Swallows in flight (Video by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KwQX_QA5NEw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">farmerjohn 22<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A distinguishing feature of swallows would be their infamous flying, broad pointed wings that pull back at the end of each stroke, allowing them to swoop and dive acrobatically in the air. This typical flight pattern has made this family stand out amongst others (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">All About Birds<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Barn swallows in particular fly lower than most other species of swallows, and are commonly observed hugging the ground or water surface while in flight (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">All About Birds<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the reasons these lovely birds fly in such mesmerizing patterns has to do with their method of eating. Unlike many ground-foragers that search for invertebrates, seeds, and other fallen items, these birds will catch their food in mid-air. Their diet consists of a variety of flying insects including flies, beetles, wasps, bees, winged ants, and true bugs. Sometimes they will expand their choice to include moths, damselflies, grasshoppers, and even a few spiders and snails. Very rarely will they eat berries or seeds (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/barn-swallow\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-huge-font-size wp-block-heading\">Courtship, Breeding, and Nestlings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like every species on earth, not only do they eat, but they also mate. Although this species is socially monogamous, polygamy is not uncommon. Barn Swallows will participate in aerial chases during their courtship, males will show off the length of their tail and sing to their lady friends. The females will typically pick the male based on who is most vibrantly coloured (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/barn-swallow\">Audubon<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hww.ca\/en\/wildlife\/birds\/barn-swallow.html\">Hinterland<\/a>). Once they become a mated pair, they will perch close together, touch bills, and even preen the other&#8217;s feathers. Females breed for the first time when they&#8217;re one year old, whereas some males will remain unpaired until they&#8217;re two years old. Pairs that have nested together before and were successful could remain together for several years (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/barn-swallow\">Audubon<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The barn swallows are ready to nest about 5-14 days after the spring arrival. The male and female will explore possible sites by flying up and hovering over a certain location, then assessing other options, before coming to a conclusion on where they want to nest. Man-made sites are preferred, such as eaves, rafters, cross beams in barns (hence their name), sheds, stables, underneath bridges, wharves, and culverts. It isn&#8217;t uncommon for them to use a nest from a previous year, pending on if it&#8217;s infected with parasites such as mites (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory#nesting\">All About Birds&nbsp;<\/a>and&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/barn-swallow\">Audubon<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the spot is found, both the male and female will work on building the nest, which can take about 6-15 days on average (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">All About Birds<\/a>). Studies have found that short-tailed males will contribute more to building nests than males with long tails (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.viu.ca\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00063657.2018.1516192?needAccess=true\">Teglh\u00f8j<\/a>). They mix grass stems and mud together to create pellets which are first constructed into a small shelf for them to sit on, then the sides of the nests are built. Nests can be a completely circular cup or a semicircular half cup with a 3-inch diameter and 2-inch depth. After the walls are done, the nest is lined with grass first, followed by feathers. It isn&#8217;t uncommon for these swallows to be little thieves and take lining materials from a neighbour&#8217;s nest. If the parents chose to reuse a nest rather than go through the hassle of making one from scratch, they will need to do some renovations first, which requires cleaning out the old feathers and adding new mud to the rim of the nest. Now that the nest is all ready, it is time to have some chicks (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory\">All About Birds<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sararegistry.gc.ca\/virtual_sara\/files\/cosewic\/sr_barn_swallow_0911_eng.pdf\">COSEWIC<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"734\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Lauren-Wilson-Niche-1024x734.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Lauren-Wilson-Niche-1024x734.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Lauren-Wilson-Niche-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Lauren-Wilson-Niche-768x550.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Lauren-Wilson-Niche.png 1132w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 6: Barn Swallow nest with nestlings (Photo by: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/198457111#_ga=2.156435832.2127693372.1606169266-1247381611.1596587561\" target=\"_blank\">Laure Wilson Neish<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"481\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Adult-and-Juv-barn-swallow.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Adult-and-Juv-barn-swallow.png 668w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Adult-and-Juv-barn-swallow-300x216.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 7: Adult male barn swallow feeding juvenile. Note the length of tail and plumage colour between the two. (Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/search.macaulaylibrary.org\/catalog?taxonCode=barswa&amp;mediaType=p&amp;sort=rating_rank_desc&amp;q=Barn%20Swallow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marie O&#8217;Shaughnessy<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Swallows have one to two brooding events a year, one being more common in the northern range of Canada. During each brooding event they will have a clutch size of 3-7 eggs, with the first event usually have more than the second. This requires about 12-17 days of incubation, followed by 15-27 days for the nesting period (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sararegistry.gc.ca\/virtual_sara\/files\/cosewic\/sr_barn_swallow_0911_eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">COSEWIC<\/a>). Swallows like most songbirds are altricial, which means that when they hatch they are fairly underdeveloped, eyes closed, almost naked of feathers, and still require a lot of care from their parents for protection and resources (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">All About Birds<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The males will guard their territory and chase away other males aggressively if they get too near. They can even grab the aggressor with their feet and tumble to the ground. Although very small, these creatures will stop their own quarrels and join forces to gang up on predators like hawks, gulls, or grackles that get too close to these precious nests (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">All About Birds<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\">Conservation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"503\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/BARS-group-2-1024x503.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/BARS-group-2-1024x503.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/BARS-group-2-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/BARS-group-2-768x378.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/BARS-group-2-1536x755.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/BARS-group-2-2048x1007.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 8: A flock of barn swallows on a rail (Photo by Eden Rowe)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2011 the Canadian population of breeding pairs was 2.45 million (4.9 million mature individuals). Despite being common and widespread, the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) between 1970-2009 shows that there is a statistically significant decline of 3.6% per year in Canada. This corresponds with an overall 76% decline over the 40 years, which began in the mid-1980s . In the last decade of the survey there was an overall decline of 30%, which is enough to be considered threatened under the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Regardless of this decline, the distribution and numbers of this species are admitted to be greater than before the European settlement, because this species was able to utilize man-made structures for their own benefit. At the global level, the Barn Swallow is considered &#8216;Least Concern&#8217; according to the IUCN Red List (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sararegistry.gc.ca\/virtual_sara\/files\/cosewic\/sr_barn_swallow_0911_eng.pdf\">COSEWIC<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Causes for this decline are still undetermined; however, possibilities include habitat loss and degradation of breeding grounds, large-scale changes in insect prey, climate change, interspecific competition for nest sites from invasive species, parasitism, and human persecution (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sararegistry.gc.ca\/virtual_sara\/files\/cosewic\/sr_barn_swallow_0911_eng.pdf\">COSEWIC<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Not so fun fact:<\/strong> The killing of the Barn Swallows for hat-making led to a naturalist by the name of George Bird Grinnell, to write 1886 Forest &amp; Stream, an editorial addressing the waste of birds lives. This essay helped lead to the founding of the first Audubon Society (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">All About Birds<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-huge-font-size wp-block-heading\">Recent Research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As I mentioned earlier, the Barn Swallow, despite its large distribution is on the decline. Research by Peter Gy\u00f6rk\u00f6s Teglh\u00f8j a biologist from Denmark set out to determine one way to conserve this beautiful species through the use of artificial nests. In Denmark, the Barn Swallow population decline is about 30% since 1976, which compared to our 30% decline in ten years is not quite as significant but still alarming. There is a positive correlation in the presence of livestock, cattle in particular, with the size of breeding colonies. Between 1990-2006 there was a 61.2% decline in cattle farms which has lead to limited access to appropriate nesting sites in rural areas. This has forced the swallows to find habitats in towns and suburban areas. Teglh\u00f8j predicted that artificial man-made nests would help the reproduction of Barn Wwallows. As mentioned earlier Barn Swallows will sometimes reuse old nests to reduce the time and energy it would take to make one from scratch; however, reusing old nests may result in ectoparasites being spread to the new mating pair, or even worse, to their nestlings (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sararegistry.gc.ca\/virtual_sara\/files\/cosewic\/sr_barn_swallow_0911_eng.pdf\">COSEWIC<\/a> and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.viu.ca\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00063657.2018.1516192?needAccess=true\">Teglh\u00f8j<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teglh\u00f8j provided the Barn Swallows with 176 artificial woodcrete nests in 77 breeding sites, around the urban town of Svendborg, Denmark. These nests were placed in typical nest locations on walls or beams close to the ceiling. Most of them were placed inside buildings, though some were placed under eaves outside. The artificial nests were shaped as open cups just like natural ones. Unlike natural nests, these are screwed into the walls to be resistant to destruction and demolition by other birds or cats. After some careful observations over time, it was found that natural and artificial nests were robbed and\/or damaged the same amount, thereby showing that both have equal success against predation. Another factor that was discovered is Barn Swallows that used artificial nests over natural or re-used nests had greater mean clutch sizes for both the first and second clutch (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.viu.ca\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00063657.2018.1516192?needAccess=true\">Teglh\u00f8j<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The results of the study suggest that the time used to build nests may directly influence the phenology for both the first and second clutch. Earlier laying dates correlated with larger clutches and more fledglings potentially influencing the overall reproductive success and fitness of the individuals (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.viu.ca\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00063657.2018.1516192?needAccess=true\">Teglh\u00f8j<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"782\" height=\"556\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Artificial-Barn-Swallow-Nests-research2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Artificial-Barn-Swallow-Nests-research2.png 782w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Artificial-Barn-Swallow-Nests-research2-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/Artificial-Barn-Swallow-Nests-research2-768x546.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 9: (a) An artificial woodcrete nest with five chicks, (b) a female Barn Swallow building a new natural nest, (c) and an old natural nest with four chicks (Photos from study by <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.viu.ca\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00063657.2018.1516192?needAccess=true\" target=\"_blank\">Teglh\u00f8j<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-huge-font-size wp-block-heading\">Concluding Thoughts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The next time you see the mesmerizing flight of a swallow, make sure to look for the contrasting colours as well as the distinctive tail feathers: you will most likely have a Barn Swallow. This little species who has found a way to live so close with humans around the entire globe, has found its way into my heart, and hopefully into yours too. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/2020-Aug-Nature-Canon-Photos-10-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/2020-Aug-Nature-Canon-Photos-10-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/2020-Aug-Nature-Canon-Photos-10-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/2020-Aug-Nature-Canon-Photos-10-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/2020-Aug-Nature-Canon-Photos-10-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/files\/2020\/11\/2020-Aug-Nature-Canon-Photos-10-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 10: Barn Swallows at Swan Lake Nature Sanctuary (Photo by Eden Rowe)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literature Cited<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">All About Birds. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Barn Swallow. https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/guide\/Barn_Swallow\/lifehistory (accessed Nov 3, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/barn-swallow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Audubon. Guide to North American Birds: Barn Swallow. https:\/\/www.audubon.org\/field-guide\/bird\/barn-swallow (accessed Nov 3, 2020)  <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sararegistry.gc.ca\/virtual_sara\/files\/cosewic\/sr_barn_swallow_0911_eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">COSEWIC. 2011. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Barn Swallow <em>Hirundo rustica <\/em>in Canada. Commitee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. ix+37pp. www. sararegistry.gc.ca\/status\/status_e.cfm (accessed Nov 3, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/159256\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/159256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">David Darrell Lambert. Xeno-canto. Sharing bird sounds from around the world: Barn Swallow. https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/159256 (accessed Nov 15, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ebird.org\/species\/barswa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ebird. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Barn Swallow. https:\/\/ebird.org\/species\/barswa (accessed Nov 3, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KwQX_QA5NEw\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KwQX_QA5NEw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Farmerjohn 22. Youtube. Flight of the Barn Swallow.https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KwQX_QA5NEw (accessed Nov 22, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hww.ca\/en\/wildlife\/birds\/barn-swallow.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hinterland. Who&#8217;s Whos: Barn Swallow https:\/\/www.hww.ca\/en\/wildlife\/birds\/barn-swallow.html (accessed Nov 15, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/476498\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/476498\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ian Cruickshank. Xeno-canto. Sharing bird sounds from around the world: Barn Swallow. https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/476498 (accessed Nov 15, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/198457111#_ga=2.156435832.2127693372.1606169266-1247381611.1596587561\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/198457111#_ga=2.156435832.2127693372.1606169266-1247381611.1596587561\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Laure Wilson Neish. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Barn Swallow https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/198457111#_ga=2.156435832.2127693372.1606169266-1247381611.1596587561 (accessed Nov 17, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/search.macaulaylibrary.org\/catalog?taxonCode=barswa&amp;mediaType=p&amp;sort=rating_rank_desc&amp;q=Barn%20Swallow\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/search.macaulaylibrary.org\/catalog?taxonCode=barswa&amp;mediaType=p&amp;sort=rating_rank_desc&amp;q=Barn%20Swallow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marie O&#8217;Shaughnessy. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Barn Swallow. https:\/\/search.macaulaylibrary.org\/catalog?taxonCode=barswa&amp;mediaType=p&amp;sort=rating_rank_desc&amp;q=Barn%20Swallow (accessed Nov 17, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ornithology.com\/swallows-and-tattoos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ornithology. Science of Birds: Swallows and Tattoos. https:\/\/ornithology.com\/swallows-and-tattoos\/ (accessed Nov 5, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.viu.ca\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00063657.2018.1516192?needAccess=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Peter Gy\u00f6rk\u00f6s Teglh\u00f8j, P. 2018. Artificial nests for Barn Swallows Hirundo<br>rustica: a conservation option for a declining passerine?. Bird Study. [Internet]. [Cited 2020 Nov 25] 65(3), 385-395. Available from: https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.viu.ca\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00063657.2018.1516192?needAccess=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/search.macaulaylibrary.org\/catalog?taxonCode=barswa&amp;mediaType=p&amp;sort=rating_rank_desc&amp;q=Barn%20Swallow\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/search.macaulaylibrary.org\/catalog?taxonCode=barswa&amp;mediaType=p&amp;sort=rating_rank_desc&amp;q=Barn%20Swallow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ryan Sanderson. Macaulay Library. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Barn Swallow https:\/\/search.macaulaylibrary.org\/catalog?taxonCode=barswa&amp;mediaType=p&amp;sort=rating_rank_desc&amp;q=Barn%20Swallow (accessed Nov 23, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sailorjerry.com\/en\/tattoos\/\">Sailor Jerry. https:\/\/sailorjerry.com\/en\/tattoos\/ (accessed Nov 20, 2020)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sibleyguides.com\/about\/the-sibley-guide-to-birds\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sibley, D. 2016. Sibley Birds West: Field Guide to Birds of Western North America. Sibley Fieldguide pg 306. New York: Alfred A. Knopf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It&#8217;s a beautiful sunlit morning at Panama Flats Park and I&#8217;m out on my very first bird walk. As I&#8217;m making my way along the path, I look up over [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2894,"featured_media":4414,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[64,34],"class_list":["post-4381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-ornithology","tag-viu-ornithology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2894"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4381"}],"version-history":[{"count":42,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4549,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4381\/revisions\/4549"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4414"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.viu.ca\/biol325\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}